Controllable Fabrication of Co3−xMnxO4 with Tunable External Co3+/Co2+ Ratio for Promoted Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Co_3?xMn_xO₄ is a bimetal oxide with excellent electrochemical activity in alkaline solution, has been regarded as a promising alternative in the field of ion-air batteries and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Herein, we report a simple solvothermal-calcination method to fabricate Co_3?xMn_xO₄ with tunable external Co³⁺/Co²⁺ and Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺ ratio. The tunable ratio of element valence in the bimetal results in a higher exposure of active center for oxygen redox reaction (ORR), and thus lead to a better ORR activity, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations and electrochemical measurements. Specially, Co_1.8Mn_1.2O₄ with a Co³⁺/Co²⁺ ratio of 2.08 showed an overpotential of 0.37 V at benchmark ORR current density of 3 mA/cm² in 0.1 M KOH, which is lower than that of pure oxide (Mn₃O₄ 0.53 V and Co3O4 0.56 V). In addition, the as prepared Co_1.8Mn_1.2O₄ exhibited a positive half-wave potential (0.83 V vs RHE) due to their more active sites, promotes charge transfer, adsorption and desorption of oxygen species. This work provides a strategy for the design and fabrication of earth-abundant, low-cost electrocatalysts for PEMFC in practical applications.

Graphic Abstract

Co_3?xMn_xO₄ was fabricated by tuning external Co³⁺/Co²⁺ and Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺ ratio, and the activity initially shows a positive correlation with the ration of Co³⁺/Co²⁺ in Co_3?xMn_xO₄.

     

NHD脱碳工段技改总结

合成氨装置脱碳工段采用NHD脱碳工艺,由于脱碳后的脱碳气中CO2含量偏高,造成H 2损耗较大,为此采用ZUPAC系列双向金属折峰式波纹填料和新型槽盘式液体分布器对脱碳塔进行改造。改造后,脱碳气中CO2体积分数从2.0%降至1.6%,年可增加经济效益1000万元左右。     

均匀沉淀法制备纳米氧化锌和片状氧化锌粉体

以氯化锌、尿素为原料 ,采用均匀沉淀法在一定条件下制备得到纳米级氧化锌粉体。并以TEM、SEM、XRD等测试手段对产物的粉体结构、形貌进行了研究。结果表明 ,在 2 0 0℃下热处理得到的氧化锌粉体结晶性能良好 ;在较大的反应物浓度及反应物浓度比下可以得到较小的晶体粒径 ,平均为 2 0nm ,且分散性好 ;在较小的浓度及较小的浓度比下得到的晶体粒径较大 ,并呈片状生长。阐述了浓度对于粒径大小的影响并得出片状氧化锌微晶生长的最佳条件。     

Epitaxy growth and directed crystallization of high-density polyethylene in the oriented blends with isotactic polypropylene

Various lamellar orientations of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), due to competition between bulk nucleation and interfacial nucleation, have been realized in its melt drawn blends with isotactic polypropylene (iPP) upon cooling after subjected to 160 °C for 30 min. Directed crystallization, with heterogeneous nucleation in the bulk (within domains), is defined as lamellar growth along boundary of anisotropic domains and is favored in larger domains at higher temperature (slow cooling), since overgrowth of lamellae can feel the interface rather than impingement with neighbor ones as a result of scare nuclei at higher temperature. Moreover, lamellar growth caused by directed crystallization is dependent of dimension of confinement. Due to 2D confinement of cylindrical domains, lamellae can only grow along the axis of cylinder and thus b-axis orientation is formed. While in the layered domains with 1D confinement, however, lamellae grow with the normal of (110) plane along the melt drawn direction. On the other hand, epitaxial growth of HDPE chains onto iPP lamellae is related to the surface-induced crystallization and dominated by the interfacial nucleation. Only interfacial nucleation is preferred can epitaxial growth occur. Therefore, retarded crystallization, realized by either strong confinement in finer domains or rapid cooling or both, is favorable for it.     

Influence of polymerization conditions on the structure and properties of polyethylene/polypropylene in‐reactor alloy synthesized in the gas phase with a spherical Ziegler–Natta catalyst

A spherical TiCl₄/MgCl₂‐based catalyst was used in the synthesis of in‐reactor polyethylene/polypropylene alloys by polyethylene homopolymerization and subsequent homopolymerization of propylene in the gas phase. Different conditions in the ethylene homopolymerization stage, such as monomer pressure and polymerization temperature, were investigated, and their influences on the structure and properties of in‐reactor alloys were studied. Raising the polymerization temperature is the most effective way of speeding up polymerization and regulating the ethylene content of polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP) alloys, but it will cause a greater increase in the PE‐b‐PP block copolymer fraction (named fraction D) than in the fraction of PP‐block‐PE in which the PP segments have low or medium isotacticity (named fraction A). Although changing ethylene monomer pressure could influence the ethylene content of PE/PP alloys slightly, it is an effective way of regulating the structural distribution. Reducing the monomer pressure will evidently increase fractions A and D. The mechanical properties of the alloys, including impact strength and flexural modulus, can be regulated in a broad range with changes in polymerization conditions. These properties are highly dependent on the amount, distribution, and chain structure of fractions A and D. The impact strength is affected by both fraction A and fraction D in a complicated way, whereas the flexural modulus is mainly determined by the amount of fraction A. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2136–2143, 2006     

Graft copolymerization of styrene onto casein initiated by potassium diperiodatonickelate (IV) in alkaline medium

A novel redox system, potassium diperiodatonickelate (Ni(IV))‐casein is used to initiate graft copolymerization of Styrene onto casein under different conditions in aqueous alkaline solution. Graft copolymers with both high grafting efficiency (>98%) and percentage of grafting(>300%) are obtained, which indicated that (Ni(IV))‐casein redox pair is an efficient initiator for this grafting. The effects of reaction parameters, such as monomer‐to‐casein weight ratio, initiator concentration, pH, time, and temperature, are investigated. A tentative initiation mechanism is proposed. The structures and properties of the graft copolymer are characterized by Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction diagrams, and Scanning Electron Microscope. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4247–4251, 2006     

多无限远目标模拟装置光轴共面测试技术研究

提出一种基于激光准直五棱镜回转扫描和CCD技术的非接触检测方法,通过检测三块立板平面度来实现对多无限远目标模拟装置光轴共面度的高精度非接触测量。给出误差评定方法,同时对仪器精度进行分析,通过实验测得共面度为0.039mm,满足精度要求。     

多Agent系统在广域后备保护中的应用

北美几次大停电事故的分析表明,传统后备保护在系统故障时引起的异常运行状态下容易误动作,引起电网的连锁跳闸.因而随着通信网络和广域测量系统的发展,广域后备保护的研究受到国内外学者的广泛关注.近几年来人们尝试将广域后备系统与新兴的多Agent系统相结合,以加速故障的切除.多Agent系统在广域后备保护中的应用才刚起步,还值得深入研究与探讨.介绍了多Agent系统的概念,讨论了多Agent系统在广域后备保护中的应用,包括其体系结构、保护算法和IP通信实现.     

《抱朴子》反义词的判定与类型

参酌各家之说确定了判定反义词的原则和对反义词的统计方法,并从词性和反义词概念间的关系两个不同的角度对《抱朴子》中的反义词进行了分类,从而加深了对反义词性质和作用的了解。     

新形势下农村基层党组织新格局的研究

新时期农村基层党组织建设面临新情况新问题,加强和改进党的农村基层组织建设,是事关巩固党的执政基础.提高党的执政能力,推进农村小康建设的基础性工程,必须正视当前农村基层组织建设中存在的突出问题,认真分析产生问题的种种原因,推动城乡统筹的基层党组织新格局的构建,使党的农村基层组织真正成为党全部工作和战斗力的基础,落实党的路线方针政策和各项工作任务的战斗堡垒.